I Physiology
A. Introduction
B.
definition
C.
teleological vs. mechanist
D.
structure and function
II Basic organization of multicellular organisms
atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->
organs->organ systems-> organism
A. The cell
1.
definition
2.
three main parts
a.
membrane
b.
cytoplasm and organelles
c. nucleus
3. basic functions
4.
specialties
a.
differentiation
B. Primary tissues
1. muscle
a. skeletal
b. cardiac
c. smooth
2. connective
3. nervous
a. glial cells
b. neurons
4. epithelial
a. epithelial sheets
b. glands
1. exocrine
2. endocrine
C. Organs
D. Organ systems
III Homeostasis
A. definition -
B. internal environment
1. ECF
a. plasma
b. interstitial fluid
C. negative feedback loops
1. physical example
2. mechanical example (furnace)
3. controlled variables
D. positive feedback
E. feedforward
Chemistry review
I General definitions
A.
matter
B.
elements
C.
molecules
D.
compounds
E. atoms
1.
structure
a.
protons
b.
neutrons
c.
electrons
2.
atomic number
3.
atomic mass
4.
isotopes
II Chemical bonding
A.
ionic bonds
1.
cations
2.
anions
3.
electrolytes
B. covalent bonds
C.
polar vs. nonpolar molecules
D.
hydrogen bonds
E.
hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
III Chemical reactions
A.
substrates-> products
B.
enzymes
IV Weights
A.
atomic
B.
molecular
C.
formula
D.
mole concept
1.
molarity
2.
osmolarity
3.
osmotic pressure
V Mixtures
A.
solutions
B.
suspensions
C.
colloids
VI Inorganic vs. organic molecules
VII Acids and Bases
A. pH
VIII Biomolecules
A Carbohydrates
1.
structure
a.
saccharides
2.
disaccharides
3.
polysaccharides
2.
function
3.
forms
1.
starch
2.
glycogen
3.
cellulose
B. Lipids
1.
structure
a.
saturated vs. unsaturated
b.
simple
c. complex
d.
steroids
B.
function
C. Proteins
1.
functions
2.
structure
a.
primary
b.
secondary
c.
tertiary
d.
quartinary
D. Nucleic acids
A.
DNA
B.
RNA
E. High energy biomolecules
A. ATP
Physiology of the Cell
I “typical cell”
A. plasma membrane
B. nucleus
C.
cytoplasm
1.
cytosol
D.
organelles
1. endoplasmic reticulum
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
1. structure
a. attached ribosomes
2. functions
b.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
1. structure
2.
functions
2.
free ribosomes
a.
function
3.
Golgi apparatus
a.
structure
b.
functions
c.
exocytosis
4. lysosomes
a. structure
b.
function
1. endocytosis
a.
pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
5.
peroxisomes
a.
structure
b.
function
6.
mitochondria
a.
structure
1.
cristae
2.
matrix
b.
function
1.
energy extraction
a.
glycolysis (in cytosol)
b.
Kreb cycle
c.
electron transport chain
7.
vaults
a.
structure
b.
function
E.
cytosol
1.
enzymatic regulation of intermediate metabolism
2.
free ribosomal protein synthesis
3.
storage of fat and glycogen
F. cytoskeleton
1.
microtubules
a.
structure
b. function
2.
microfilaments
a.
structure
b. function
3. intermediate filaments
a.
structure
b. function
4.
microtrabecular lattice
a.
structure
b. function
Plasma
membrane
I Cell
membrane
A structure
1.
fluid mosaic model
a. lipid components
1 phospholipid bilayer
2
cholesterol
b.
protein components
1.
general functions
a.
structural support
b.
markers
c.
transport
1.
channels
2.
carrier molecules
d.
receptors
e.
membrane bound enzymes
f.
cams
g.
self recognition
c.
membrane carbohydrates
B. cell to
cell adhesions
1.
ecm
a.
function
b.
structure
1
proteins
a.
collagen
b.
elastin
c.
fibronectin
2.
Junctions
1.
desmosones
2.
tight junctions
3.
gap junctions
C.
intercellular communication
1.
gap junctions
2.
signal molecules
3.
intercellular chemical messengers
a.
paracrines
b.
neurotransmitters
c.
hormones
d.
neurohormones
D. membrane
receptor-post receptor events
1.
first messengers
a.
channel regulation
2.
second messenger systems
a.
cyclic AMP
E. Membrane transport
1. properties of transported substances
a.
size
b.
solubility
2.
passive transport
a.
diffusion
1.
concentration gradient
2.
Fick’s laws of diffusion
b.
electric gradients
c.
electrochemical gradient
d.
osmosis
1.
osmotic pressure
3. carrier mediated transport
a
characteristics of
1.
specificity
2.
saturation
3.
competition
b.
types of carrier mediated transport
1.facilitated.
diffusion
2.
active transport
a.
pumps
b
cotransport carriers
c.
vesicular transport
1.
endocytosis
2.
exocytosis
II Membrane
potential
A. definition
1.
properties
2.
maintenance
a.
Na+/K+ pump
b.
non-diffusible anions
c.
permeability properties of the membrane at rest
3.
voltage
4.
current
B. The Resting
membrane potential
Neural
communication
I neurons and
muscles as excitable tissue
A. neuron
structure
1.
cell body
2.
dendrites
3.
axon
A. Graded
potentials
1.
definition
2.
events
B. Action
potentials
1.
definition
2.
events
a.
depolarization
b.
repolarization
c.
hyperpolarization
d.
threshold
e.
all or none principle
3.
propagation
a.
local current flow
b.
saltatory
1. myelination
a.
oligodendrocyte in CNS
b.
Schwann cells in P.S.
2.
Nodes of Ranvier
4.
refractory period
II The synapse
A definition
B. events
1.
EPSP’s
2.
IPSP’s
3.
GPSP’s
4.
synaptic delay
5.
removing neurotransmitters
6.
summation
a.
temporal
b.
Spatial
7.
convergence vs. divergence
C. effects of
drugs
1.
cocaine
2.
Parkinson’s disease
3.
strychnine
4.
tetanus toxin
CNS
I General
organization or the Nervous system
A. neuron
types
1.
afferent
2.
efferent
3.
interneurons
B. definitions
1.
nerve
2.
tract
3.
ganglia
4.
nuclei
5.
gray matter
6.
white matter
C. glial cells
1.
astrocytes
2.oligodendrocytes
3.ependymal
cells
4.
microglial cells
D. protective
mechanisms of CNS
1.
skeletal
2.
meninges
3.
CSF
4.
blood brain barrier
E.
cerebrovascular accidents
F. plasticity
II Brain
structure and function
A. general
structures
1 brain stem
a.
structures
b.
functions
2 cerebellum.
a.
structures
b.
functions
3.
forebrain
a
structures
1.
cerebrum
a.
hemispheres
1.occipital
lobes
2.
temporal lobes
3.
parietal lobes
a.
somatosensory cortex
4.
frontal lobes
1.
primary motor cortex
2.
language
a.
Broca’s area
b.
Wernick’s area
b.
association areas of cerebral cortex
1.
prefrontal association cortex
2.
parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
3.
limbic association cortex.
c.
left vs right hemispheres
2.
Subcortical structures
a.
basal nuclei
b.
diencephalon
1.
thalamus
2.
hypothalamus
c.
limbic system
III spinal cord
A. anatomy
1.
gray matter
a.
dorsal horns
b.
ventral horns
c.
lateral horns
2.
white matter
B. spinal reflexes
1.
simple
2
acquired
Peripheral nervous system
Afferent division
I afferent
division
A general
organization of sensory paths
1.
visceral input
2.
somatic input
3.
intensity
B. receptor physiology
1.
modalities
a.
transduction
2.
perception
3.
adequate stimuli
4.law
of specific nerve energy
4.
sensory receptors types
6.
receptor potential
7.
phasic vs. tonic receptors
a.
sensory adaptation
b.
off response
8.
somatosensory path
9.
receptive fields
10
pain
a.
receptors types
b.
fast vs slow paths
c.
analgesic system
1.
substance P
2.
endogenous opiates
Peripheral nervous system
Efferent division
I autonomic
nervous system
review- general organization
general
functions
A. Parasympathetic division
1.
origins
2.
fibers
a.
preganglionic
b.
postganglionic
3.
neuotransmitters
B Sympathetic division
1.origins
2.
fibers
a.
preganglionic
b.
postganglionic
3.
neuotransmitters
C. cholinergic
vs adrenergic fibers
D. dual
innervation
1.
tonic activity
2.
exceptions
a.
blood vessels
b.
sweat glands
c.
salivary glands
E. adrenal
glands as enhancers of sns
F. receptors
1. Cholinergic
a.
nicotinic
b.
muscarinic
2.
adrenergic
1.
alpha
2.
beta
a.
type 1
b.
type 2
3.
drugs
a.
agonists
b.
antagonists
II Somatic
nervous system
A.
generalities
1.
location
2.
neurotransmitter
3.
function
B.
neuromuscular junction
1.definition
2.
motor end plate
3.
events at nmj
a.
end plate potential
b.
acetylcholinesterase
4.
toxic effects at nmj
a.
black widow spider venom
b.
botulism
c.
curare
d.
organophophates
Muscle physiology
I skeletal
muscles
A.
organization
1.
muscle fibers
a.
myofibrils
1.
sarcomere
a.
structural components
1.
thick filaments
a.
myosin
1.
binding sites
a.
ATP
b.
actin
2.
thin filaments
a.
actin
1.
binding site for cross bridge
b.
tropomyosin
c.
troponin
1.
binding site for calcium ion
b.
function
1.sliding
filament mechanism
a.
power stroke
2.
excitation-contraction coupling
a.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
1.
lateral sacs
2.
calcium storage
b.
calcium release
c.
function of calcium
d.
role of ATP
1.
in contraction
2.
in relaxation
a.
rigor mortis
B. motor unit
1.
motor unit recruitment
C. optimal
length
D. ATP
1.
uses in muscle contraction
2.
sources of ATP
a.
creatine phosphate
b.
oxidative phosphorylation
c.
glycolysis
E. Fatigue
1.
muscle fatigue
2.
neuromuscular fatigue
3.
psychological fatigue
F. muscle
fiber types
1.
slow oxidative
2.
fast oxidative
3.
fast glycolytic
G. aging
effects
H. muscle
spindles
Cardiac physiology
I. Functions of
cardiovascular system
A. pump->
pressure gradients
1.
bulk flow
B. transport
system
1.
blood as a transport medium
II Basic
Anatomy
A. circuits
(dual pump)
1.
pulmonary circulation (right)
2.
systemic circulation (left)
B. chambers
1.
right atrium
2.
right ventricle
3.
left atrium
4.
left ventricle
5.
valves
a.
tricuspid
b.
pulmonary semi-lunar
c.
bicuspid
d.
aortic semi-lunar
e.
chordae tendinea
C. walls of
the heart
1.
endocardium
2.
myocardium
a.
intercalated discs
1.
gap junctions
2.
desmosones
b.
autorhythmic cells (1%)
1.
conducting system of heart
c.
contractile cells (99%)
1.
mitochondria
2.
myoglobin
3.
epicardium
4.
pericardial sac
II electrical
activity of the heart
A.
autorhythmic cells
1.
pacemaker activity
a.
pacemaker potential
2.
location of autorhythmic cells
a.
sinoatrial node
b.
atrioventricular node
c.
Bundle of His
d.
Purkinje fibers
3.
SA as pacemaker
4.problems
a.
SA failure
1.
latent pacemakers
b.
heart block
c.
ectopic focus
B.
coordination of spread of cardiac excitation
1.
terms
1.
diastole
2.
systole
2.
atrial excitation
a.
interatrial pathway
b.
internodal pathway
c.
AV delay
3. ventricle excitation
4.
fibrillation
C. Action
potential in contractile cardiac cells
1.
rising phase
2.
plateau phase
3.
falling phase
4.
mechanism of contraction
5.
refractory period
D. Mechanical
events of the cardiac cycle
1.
systole
2.
diastole
3.
stroke volume
4.
heart rate
5.
cardiac output
6.
bradycardia
7.
tachycardia
E. heart
sounds
1.
lub
2.
dub
3.
murmurs
4.
stenotic valve
5.
insufficient valve
F. control
mechanisms
1.
autorhythmic cells
2
parasympathetic ns
a.
sa node
b.
contractile cells
3.
sympathetic ns
a.
sa node
b.
contractile cells
G. high blood
pressure
H. ischemic
heart disease
1.angina
pectoris
2.
atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
I cholesterol
1. hdl
2.
ldl
Appendix B Storage, replication and expression of
genetic information
I introduction to genetics
A.
proteins review
1.
primary structure
a.
amino acids
2.
general functions
B.
definitions
1.
gene
2.
genome
C.
DNA
1.
functions
2. structure
a.
nucleotides
1.
phosphate
2.
sugar-deoxyribose
3.
nitrogenous bases
a.
adenine
b.
guanine
c.
cytosine
d.
thymine
3. double helix
4. complementary base pairing
5. triplet code
D. replication
II RNA
A. structure
B.
function
1.
types
a.
m-RNA
b. t-RNA
c.
r-RNA
C.
transcription
1.
codons
III Protein synthesis
A. translation
1.
ribosome assembly
2.
role of tRNA
a.
anticodons
3.
protein assembly
Blood vessels
I Generalities
A.
organization
B functions
C. systemic
flow
D reconditioning organs
E. regulation
of flow
F. general
anatomy of vessels
1.
endothelial cells (tunica interna)
a.
functions
2.
smooth muscle layer (tunica media)
3.
connective tissue (tunica externa)
D. flow rate
1.
pressure gradient
2.
resistance
a.
viscosity
b.
vessel length
c.
radius
II Vessels
A. arteries
1.
structure
2.
functions
a.
rapid transit paths
b.
pressure reservoir
c.
arterial blood pressure
1.
systole
2.
diastole
3.
pulse pressure
4.
mean arterial pressure
B. arterioles
1.
structure
a.
major resistance vessels
2.
functions
a.
distribute CO
b.
help maintain b/p
3. vascular tone
a.
myogenicity
b.
sympathetic nervous system
4.
intrinsic controls
a.
myogenicity
b.
local metabolic changes
c.
local histamine release
d.
application of heat and cold
5.
extrinsic controls
a.
neural inputs
b. hormones
1.
adrenal medulla
a.
norepinephrine
b.
epinephrine
c.
B/P regulation
C. capillaries
1.
structure
2.
function
a.
exchange
1.
diffusion
2.
bulk flow
a.
ultrafiltration
b.
reabsorption
c.
influences on bulk flow
1.
capillary blood pressure
2.
plasma protein colloid osmotic pressure
3.
interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure
4.
interstitial fluid colloid pressure
D. Lymphatic
system
1.
structure
2.
functions
3. lymph flow
4.
edema
E. Veins
1.
structure
2.
functions
a.
blood reservoir
b.
venous return
1.
sympathetic activity
Blood
I Plasma
A. function
B.
constituents
1.
plasma proteins
a.
albumins
b.
globulins
c.
fibrinogen
II RBC’s
A. structure
1
hemoglobin
B. function
C. erythropoiesis
D. anemia
1.
nutritional
2.pernicious
anemia
3.
aplastic anemia
4.
renal
5.
hemorrhagic
6.
hemolytic
E. polycythemia
1.
primary
2.
secondary
III WBC’s
A. general
functions
B. types
1.
neutrophils
2.
eosinphils
3.
basophils
4.
monocytes
5.
lymphocytes
a. b lymphocytes
b. t lymphocytes
IV Platelets
A. structure
B. Function
1.
hemostasis
a.
vascular spasm
b.
platelet plug
c.
coagulation
d.
clot retraction
e.
dissolving clots
Body
defenses
I Generalities
A. immunity
B. function of
the immune system
1.
beneficial
2.
harmful
C. Key
features
a. specificity
b.
memory
D Innate immunity
E. Acquired
immunity
F. pathogens
1.
bacteria
a.
structure
b.
characteristics
c..
harmful effects
2.
viruses
a.
structure
b.
characteristics
c.
harmful effects
D. components of the immune system
1.
wbc’s
a.
types
b.
production
c.
lymphoid tissues
1.
functions
2.
types
a.
spleen
b.
lymph nodes
c.
others
d.
mast cells
e.
abnormalities in wbc production
1.
decrease
2.
leukemia
II . non -specific immune responses
A. skin
B inflammation
1.
components
2. functions
3.
mechanism
a.
resident macrophages
b.
vasodilation
c.
increases capillary permeability
d.
edema
e.
walling off
f.
emigration of wbc’s
1.
margination
2.
diapedesis
3.
chemotaxis
g.
wbc proliferation
h.
clean up
1.direct
killing of invaders
a.
NO
b.
lactoferrin
3.
histamine
4.
clot/anticlot
5.
EP
6.
acute phase proteins
k.
tissue repair
l. drugs
1.
salacylates
2.
glutococorticoids
2.
Interferon
3.
natural killer cells
4.
complement system
a.
components
b.
mechanism of action
c.
alternate vs. classical pathways
D. specific
Immune response
1.
B and T lymphocytes
1.
generalities
2.
origin
3.
antigens
4. clonal selection
theory
2.
B lymphocytes antibody mediated response
1.
plasma and memory cells
2.
general structure of antibodies
3.
antibody binding effects
a.
physical hindrance of antigens
1.
neutralization
2.
agglutination
b.
enhance non-specific immune responses
1.
activate compliment system
2.
enhancement of phagocytosis
3.
stimulate killer cells
4.
immunity
a.
active
b.
passive
E. cell mediated immunity
1.
t lymphocytes
a.
origin
b.
action
c.
subpopulations
1.
cytotoxic T’s
2.
helper T’s
a.
secretions
3.
suppressor T’s
d.
other t cell functions
e.
cancer
Respiratory system
I introduction
II respiration
A. general
functions of the respiratory system
B. internal
C. external
D anatomical
structures
E. alveoli
1.
Type I
2.
type II
F. thoracic
cavity
1.
pleural sac
a,
visceral pleura
b.
parietal pleura
III Respiration
mechanics
A. atmospheric
pressure
B. intraalveolar pressure
C.
intrapleural pressure
D. transmural pressure gradients
E Boyle’s law
F. respiratory
muscles
G. respiration
cycle
H. resistance
1.
asthma
2.
bronchitis
3.
emphysema
K. elasticity
and compliance
1.
alveolar surface tension
2.
pulmonary surfactant
L. pulmonary
ventilation
1.
respiration rate
2.
tidal volume
3.
alveolar ventilation
a.
anatomical dead space
b.
faster vs deeper breathing
IV gas exchange
A. partial
pressures of gases-explanation
1.
atmospheric gases
a.
nitrogen
b.
oxygen
c.
carbon dioxide
2.PO2
a. in alveoli
b.
in returning pulmonary capillaries
3.
PCO2
a.
in alveoli
b.
in returning pulmonary capillaries
V. gas transport
A. Oxygen
1.
hb
a.
law of mass action
b.
unloading O2
1. Bohr effect
a.
increase of CO2
b.
increase of H+
2.
increase in temperature
3.
CO
B. carbon
dioxide transport
1.
dissolved
2. combined with hb
3.
as bicarbonate ion
`
Digestive system
I Four basic
processes
A. motility
1
smooth muscle
a
tone
b.
propulsive
c.
mixing
B. secretion
C. digestion
1
carbohydrates
2
proteins
3.
fats
4
absorption
II anatomy
A. layers
of GI
1
mucosa
a.
mucous membrane
b.
lamina propria
c
muscularis mucosa
2 submucosa
a
submucosal plexus
3 muscularis externa
a.
circular layer
b
longitudinal
4 serosa
III Regulation of digestive system functions
A. autonomous
smooth muscle
B intrinsic
nerve plexuses
1.
myenteric
2 submucosal
C. extrinsic
nerves
D. GI hormones
E. receptors
in GI
F. short
reflexes
1.
short reflexes
2. long reflexes
IV structures
A. mouth
1.
saliva
B. esophagus
C. stomach
1.
gastric storage
2.
mixing
3.
emptying
a.
chyme amount
b.
contents of duodenum
1.
fat
2.
acid
3.
hypertonicity
4
distention
4.
secretions
a.
chief cells
1.
pepsinogen
b.
parietal cells
1.
HCl
2.
intrinsic factor
c.
mucous neck cells
1.
mucous
d.
surface epithelial cells
1.
alkaline mucous
e.
endocrine cells
1.
gastrin
D. Pancreas
1.
endocrine portion
a. islets of Langerhans
2.
exocrine portion
a.
acini
1.
pancreatic juices
a.
enzymatic secretions
1.
proteolytic enzymes (protein dig)
a.
trypsinogen->trypsin
b.
chymotrypsinogen->chymotrypsin
c.
procarbosypeptidases->carboxypeptidases
2.
pancreatic amylase (carbohydrate
digestion)
3.
pancreatic lipase (fat dig)
b.
pancreatic alkaline secretions
E. biliary system
1.
liver/gallbladder/associated ducts
a.
hepatic portal system
b.
bile ducts
c. bile salts
1.
detergent action
F. small
intestine
1.
structure
2.
function
G. large
intestine
1.
functions
Urinary system
I Kidneys
A. general
functions
1.excretion
of metabolic wastes
2.
regulation of ecf volume
3.
regulation of osmolarity
4.
maintenance of ion balance
5.
regulation of pH
6.
endocrine function
7.
excretion of foreign substances
8.
gluconeogenesis
B. anatomy of
urinary system
1.
gross
a.
renal artery
b.
renal vein
c.
cortex
d.
medulla
e.
renal pelvis
f.
ureters
g.
bladder
h.
urethra
2.
the nephron
a.
structure
1.
vascular component
a.
afferent arteriole
b.
glomerulus
c.
efferent arteriole
d.
peritubular capillaries
2. tubular component
a.
Bowman’s capsule
b.
proximal tubule
c.
Loop of Henle
d.
distal tubule
e.
collecting ducts
b.
glomerular filtrate
c.
processes
1.
Glomerular filtration
a.
GFR
b.
filtration forces
a.
glomerular capillary blood pressure
b.
Plasma colloid pressure
c.
Bowman’s capsule hydrostatic pressure
2.
Glomerular filtration rate regulation
a.
autoregulation
1.
myogenic mechanism
2.
tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism
b.
extrinsic controls
1.
sympathetic ns
2.
hormones
b.
tubular reabsorption
1.transepithelial
transport
a.
passive
b.
active
1.
sodium
a.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
b
sodium losing system
2.
glucose
c.
tubular maximum
a.
renal threshold
c.
tubular secretion
1.
hydrogen
2.
potassium
Fluid-Acid/Base balance
I Internal pool
A. balance
concept
1.
stable
2.
positive
3.
negative
B. water
1.
ICF
2.
ECF
a.
plasma
b.
interstitial fluid
c.
transcellular fluid
d.
lymph fluid
3.
control of water movement
a.
between plasma and interstitial fluid
b.
between interstitial fluid and ICF
C. Blood
pressure maintenance
1.
short term
a.
baroreceptor reflex mechanism
b.
fluid shifts between plasma interstitial fluid
2.
long term
a.
thirst
b.
kidney
1.
salt excretion
a.
filtration
b.
reabsorption
1.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
D. regulating
ECF osmolarity
1.
ecf hypertonicity
2.
ecf hypotonicity
3.
isotonic fluid loss / gain
E. regulation
of water balance
1.
vasopressin
2.
thirst
II acid/base
balance
A. Acids
B. bases
C. pH
D. acidosis
E. alkalosis
F. H+
1.
sources
2.
elimination mechanisms
a.
chemical buffer systems
1.
carbonic acid/ bicarbonate buffering system
2.
protein buffering system
3.
hemoglobin buffering system
4.
phosphate buffering system
b.
respiratory system
c.
kidneys
G.
abnormalities in pH
1.
respiratory acidosis
2.
Respiratory alkalosis
3.
metabolic acidosis
4.
metabolic alkalosis
Digestive system
I Four basic processes
A. motility
1
smooth muscle
a
tone
b.
propulsive
c.
mixing
B. secretion
C. digestion
1
carbohydrates
2
proteins
3.
fats
4
absorption
II anatomy
A. layers
of GI
1
mucosa
a.
mucous membrane
b.
lamina propria
c
muscularis mucosa
2 submucosa
a
submucosal plexus
3 muscularis externa
a.
circular layer
b
longitudinal
4 serosa
III Regulation of digestive system functions
A. autonomous
smooth muscle
B intrinsic
nerve plexuses
1.
myenteric
2 submucosal
C. extrinsic
nerves
D. GI hormones
E. receptors
in GI
F. short
reflexes
1.
short reflexes
2. long reflexes
IV structures
A. mouth
1.
saliva
B. esophagus
C. stomach
1.
gastric storage
2.
mixing
3.
emptying
a.
chyme amount
b. contents of duodenum
1.
fat
2.
acid
3.
hypertonicity
4
distention
4.
secretions
a.
chief cells
1.
pepsinogen
b.
parietal cells
1.
HCl
2.
intrinsic factor
c.
mucous neck cells
1.
mucous
d.
surface epithelial cells
1.
alkaline mucous
e.
endocrine cells
1.
gastrin
D. Pancreas
1.
endocrine portion
a.
islets of Langerhans
2.
exocrine portion
a.
acini
1.
pancreatic juices
a.
enzymatic secretions
1.
proteolytic enzymes (protein dig)
a.
trypsinogen->trypsin
b.
chymotrypsinogen->chymotrypsin
c.
procarbosypeptidases-
2.
pancreatic amylase (carbohydrate
digestion)
3.
pancreatic lipase (fat dig)
b.
pancreatic alkaline secretions
E. biliary system
1.
liver/gallbladder/associated ducts
a.
hepatic portal system
b.
bile ducts
c.
bile salts
1.
detergent action
F. small
intestine
1.
structure
2.
function
G. large
intestine
1.
functions
Energy balance and temperature regulation
I energy balance
A. Internal work
B. external
work
C. efficiency
D. metabolic
rate
1.
calorie
2.
BMR
E. neutral
energy balance
F. positive
energy balance
G. negative
energy balance
H. controlling
intake/output
1.
hypothalamus
a.
feeding center
b.
satiety center
2.
lipostatic theory
3.
glucostatic theory
4.
obesity
II temperature
control
A. normal temp
B. core
C. shell
D. maintenance
E. mechanisms
of heat transfer
1.
radiation
2.
conduction
3.
convection
4.
evaporation
F.
hypothalamus`
Endocrine System
I Endocrine
system
A. generalities
1.general
processes
2.
general actions on target cells
a.
RECEPTORS ON TARGET CELLS!!!!
3. endocrine glands
4.
endocrine system vs nervous system
5. hormones- general types
a. peptides
b.
amines
c.
steroids
d.
synthesis and storage
e.
mechanism of action
1.
hydrophilic
2.
hydrophobic
f.
regulation of secretion
a.
negative feedback
b.
neuroendocrine reflex
c.
diurnal rhythm
g.
hormone to hormone interactions
1.
permissive
2.
synergistic
3.
antagonistic
h. general abnormalities
a.
hyposecretion
b.
hypersecretion
II Endocrine
structures
A. pineal
gland
1.
melatonin
B.
hypothalamus
C .pituitary
gland
1.
posterior pituitary gland
a.
connection to hypothalamus
b.
hormones
1.
vasopressin (ADH)
2.
oxytocin
2. anterior pituitary gland
a.
connection to hypothalamus
1.
hypothalamic (hypophysiotropic) hormones
a.
releasing hormones
b.
inhibiting hormones
2.
hypothalmic-hypophyseal portal system
b.
hormones of ant. pituitary and their general functions
1.
GH
2.
TSH
3.ACTH
4.
FSH
a.
males
b.
females
5.LH
a.
males
b.
females
1.
GH
1.
functions
2.
soatomedins
3.
deficiency
a.
from birth
b.
in adults
4.
excess
a.
from birth
b.
in adults
2.
TSH
3.
FSH
4.
LH
5.
ACTH
6.
Prolactin
D. specific functions of hormones
1. GH
a.
growth
b.metabolic effects