I Physiology
A Introduction
B.
definition
C.
teleological vs. mechanist
D.
structure and function
II Basic organization of multicellular
organisms
atoms->molecules->cells->tissues->
organs->organ systems-> organism
A. The cell
1.
definition
2.
three main parts
a. membrane
b. cytoplasm and organelles
c. nucleus
3. basic functions
4.
specialties
a. differentiation
B. Primary tissues
1. muscle
a.
skeletal
b.
cardiac
c.
smooth
2. connective
3. nervous
a. glial
cells
b.
neurons
4. epithelial
a.
epithelial sheets
b.
glands
1. exocrine
2. endocrine
C. Organs
D. Organ systems
III Homeostasis
A. definition -
B. internal environment
1. ECF
a.
plasma
b. interstitial
fluid
C. negative feedback loops
1. physical example
2. mechanical
example (furnace)
3. controlled
variables
D. positive feedback
E. feedforward
Chemistry review
I General definitions
A.
matter
B.
elements
C.
molecules
D.
compounds
E. atoms
1.
structure
a. protons
b. neutrons
c. electrons
2.
atomic number
3.
atomic mass
4.
isotopes
II Chemical bonding
A.
ionic bonds
1.
cations
2.
anions
3.
electrolytes
B. covalent bonds
C.
polar vs. nonpolar molecules
D.
hydrogen bonds
E.
hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic
III Chemical reactions
A.
substrates-> products
B.
enzymes
IV Weights
A.
atomic
B.
molecular
C.
formula
D.
mole concept
1.
molarity
2.
osmolarity
3.
osmotic pressure
V Mixtures
A.
solutions
B.
suspensions
C.
colloids
VI Inorganic vs. organic molecules
VII Acids and Bases
A. pH
VIII Biomolecules
A Carbohydrates
1.
structure
a. saccharides
2.
disaccharides
3.
polysaccharides
2.
function
3.
forms
1.
starch
2.
glycogen
3.
cellulose
B. Lipids
1.
structure
a. saturated vs. unsaturated
b. simple
c. complex
d. steroids
B.
function
C. Proteins
1.
functions
2.
structure
a. primary
b. secondary
c. tertiary
d. quartinary
D. Nucleic acids
A.
DNA
B.
RNA
E. High energy biomolecules
A. ATP
Physiology of the Cell
I “typical cell”
A. plasma membrane
B. nucleus
C.
cytoplasm
1.
cytosol
D.
organelles
1. endoplasmic
reticulum
a. rough endoplasmic reticulum (rer)
1. structure
a. attached ribosomes
2. functions
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ser)
1. structure
2.
functions
2.
free ribosomes
a. function
3.
Golgi apparatus
a. structure
b. functions
c. exocytosis
4. lysosomes
a. structure
b. function
1. endocytosis
a. pinocytosis
b. phagocytosis
5.
peroxisomes
a. structure
b. function
6.
mitochondria
a. structure
1.
cristae
2.
matrix
b. function
1.
energy extraction
a. glycolysis (in cytosol)
b.
Kreb cycle
c. electron transport chain
7.
vaults
a. structure
b. function
E.
cytosol
1.
enzymatic regulation of intermediate metabolism
2. free ribosomal protein synthesis
3.
storage of fat and glycogen
F.
cytoskeleton
1.
microtubules
a. structure
b. function
2.
microfilaments
a. structure
b. function
3. intermediate
filaments
a. structure
b. function
4.
microtrabecular lattice
a. structure
b. function
Plasma
membrane
I Cell
membrane
A structure
1.
fluid mosaic model
a. lipid components
1 phospholipid
bilayer
2 cholesterol
b. protein components
1.
general functions
a. structural support
b. markers
c. transport
1.
channels
2.
carrier molecules
d. receptors
e. membrane bound enzymes
f. cams
g. self recognition
c. membrane carbohydrates
B. cell to
cell adhesions
1.
ecm
a. function
b. structure
1
proteins
a. collagen
b. elastin
c. fibronectin
2.
Junctions
1.
desmosones
2.
tight junctions
3.
gap junctions
C.
intercellular communication
1.
gap junctions
2.
signal molecules
3.
intercellular chemical messengers
a. paracrines
b. neurotransmitters
c. hormones
d. neurohormones
D. membrane
receptor-post receptor events
1.
first messengers
a. channel regulation
2.
second messenger systems
a. cyclic AMP
E. Membrane transport
1. properties of
transported substances
a. size
b. solubility
2.
passive transport
a. diffusion
1.
concentration gradient
2.
Fick’s laws of diffusion
b. electric gradients
c. electrochemical gradient
d. osmosis
1.
osmotic pressure
3. carrier mediated
transport
a characteristics of
1.
specificity
2.
saturation
3.
competition
b. types of carrier
mediated transport
1.facilitated. diffusion
2.
active transport
a. pumps
b cotransport carriers
c. vesicular transport
1.
endocytosis
2.
exocytosis
II Membrane potential
A. definition
1.
properties
2.
maintenance
a.
Na+/K+ pump
b. non-diffusible anions
c. permeability properties of the membrane at rest
3.
voltage
4.
current
B. The Resting membrane potential
Neural
communication
I
neurons and muscles as
excitable tissue
A. neuron
structure
1.
cell body
2.
dendrites
3.
axon
A. Graded
potentials
1.
definition
2.
events
B. Action
potentials
1.
definition
2.
events
a. depolarization
b. repolarization
c. hyperpolarization
d. threshold
e. all or none principle
3.
propagation
a. local current flow
b. saltatory
1. myelination
a. oligodendrocyte in CNS
b.
Schwann cells in P.S.
2.
Nodes of Ranvier
4.
refractory period
II
The synapse
A definition
B. events
1.
EPSP’s
2.
IPSP’s
3.
GPSP’s
4.
synaptic delay
5.
removing neurotransmitters
6.
summation
a. temporal
b.
Spatial
7.
convergence vs. divergence
C. effects of
drugs
1.
cocaine
2.
Parkinson’s disease
3.
strychnine
4.
tetanus toxin
CNS
I General
organization or the Nervous system
A. neuron
types
1.
afferent
2.
efferent
3.
interneurons
B. definitions
1.
nerve
2.
tract
3.
ganglia
4.
nuclei
5.
gray matter
6.
white matter
C. glial cells
1.
astrocytes
2.oligodendrocytes
3.ependymal cells
4.
microglial cells
D. protective
mechanisms of CNS
1.
skeletal
2.
meninges
3.
CSF
4.
blood brain barrier
E.
cerebrovascular accidents
F. plasticity
II
Brain structure and
function
A. general
structures
1 brain stem
a. structures
b. functions
2 cerebellum.
a. structures
b. functions
3.
forebrain
a structures
1. cerebrum
a. hemispheres
1.occipital lobes
2.
temporal lobes
3.
parietal lobes
a. somatosensory cortex
4.
frontal lobes
1.
primary motor cortex
2.
language
a.
Broca’s area
b.
Wernick’s area
b. association areas of cerebral cortex
1.
prefrontal association cortex
2.
parietal-temporal-occipital association cortex
3.
limbic association cortex.
c. left vs right hemispheres
2.
Subcortical structures
a. basal nuclei
b. diencephalon
1.
thalamus
2.
hypothalamus
c. limbic system
III spinal cord
A. anatomy
1.
gray matter
a. dorsal horns
b. ventral horns
c. lateral horns
2.
white matter
B. spinal
reflexes
1.
simple
2 acquired